Navigating different understandings of the Biosphere Reserve concept through future visioning: A case study of the Appennino Tosco-Emiliano in Italy

Using the Appennino Tosco-Emiliano BR in northern Italy as a case study, this study explored how future visioning can help navigate tensions between local interpretations of the Biosphere Reserve concept by identifying potential synergies. Through a multi-methods approach – comprising semi-structured interviews, a future visioning workshop, a qualitative survey, and participant
observation – the study examined the different discourses surrounding the BR concept, the tensions they generate, the synergies envisioned by local actors, and existing conditions that may support their realization. The Nature Futures Framework was used as a base to develop three alternative visions, each based on a predominant nature value. The findings revealed twelve diverse and sometimes conflicting interpretations of the Biosphere Reserve concept in the Appennino Tosco-Emiliano, each emphasizing different priorities, target users, and types of human–nature relationships. The seven synergies envisioned by participants highlight the potential for integrating multiple actors and nature values, illustrating how tensions among conflicting discourses of the BR concept can be collectively navigated. Existing enabling conditions include multi-actor projects, bottom-up initiatives, sustainability certifications, and urban planning proposals.

Insights from the study were shared with Biosphere Reserve local actors to inform decision-making and influence the next Action Plan.